Historical Documents (pdf files) |
Sigma Zeta was founded at Shurtleff College in Alton, Illinois, in the autumn of 1925 through the efforts of three members of the science staff. These three men, who may be justly regarded as the founders of the society, are Elmer E. List, professor of biology and geology; J. Ellis Powell, mathematics; and Ralph K. Carleton, chemistry. All were young men, just out of graduate school and imbued with the ideals of sound scholarship.
Following a series of preliminary conferences between these instructors and the student science majors early in the fall semester of 1925, the formal establishment of the society took place at the home of Professor Powell on Thursday, October 1, 1925. The name of Sigma Zeta was selected at this meeting, and a preliminary draft of a constitution was begun. A ritual for the initiation of new members was developed during the first year.
At that time the Shurtleff group had no objective other than that of providing a local recognition society for Shurtleff science and mathematics students. However, the activities of the group attracted favorable attention from other colleges in the area during the first year of its existence. In the spring of 1926, a meeting was held in Loomis hall on the Shurtleff campus with representatives of Sigma Zeta, and of Eureka and McKendree Colleges. The possibilities of an association of Illinois science clubs was discussed and favorably received. Later in the same meeting the suggestion of an honor society for science students was made and substituted for the proposal of an association of science clubs. Mr. Carleton was asked to discuss the matter with the Sigma Zeta students and staff. If their reaction was favorable, the project was to be brought under way before the end of the semester. This was done, and the first conclave of Sigma Zeta was held in June of that year in Alton.
Two suggestions offered at that spring meeting have done much to shape the program and policies of the society. The first was the restriction of membership to junior and senior students of acceptable scholarship; the second was the decision to accord recognition and membership to qualified students in any field of the sciences and mathematics. Both items had been included in the original Shurtleff program for Sigma Zeta. The first provision was designed to insure a sufficiently mature group to carry out successfully the work of the society; the second principle recognized the fact that in most of the smaller liberal arts colleges the number of qualified students in any one department is almost invariably too few to support an organization; but if each department contributes its quota of superior students to a single unified group, even the smallest college can maintain an active and efficient group. Adherence to these two policies has in large measure conditioned the growth of the society through the years and given it unique distinction among honor organizations in science and mathematics.
Following the conferences and meetings during the winter and spring of 1925-26, the Shurtleff group formerly announced the national charter of Sigma Zeta at the first conclave which was held in Alton, Illinois, in the spring of 1926.
The business session was held in Loomis Hall on the Shurtleff campus. The constitution of the local group was amended to conform the needs of a national organization and the Shurtleff group became the Alpha Chapter. A slate of national officers was elected under the TITLEs of Grand Master Scientist, Vice Grand Master Scientist, Grand Recorder-Treasure, and Grand Historian. The first presiding officer was Lester K. Meyers, a junior at Shurtleff; the other officers, in the order listed above were: Margery Fish, Professor List, and Mary Helen Walton.
After the formal organization of the Society, the first business considered was the petition of a McKendree College group for a charter. It was voted to grant the petition, and a charter for Beta Chapter was issued under the date of June 9, 1926, over the signatures of Mr. Meyers and Professor List as national officers.
Following the business session, the first banquet of the society was held at the Stratford Hotel in Alton. Dr. H. L. Davis, a Shurtleff alumnus, gave the address of the evening and the announcement of the chartering of Beta Chapter was made at the close of the banquet.
The second conclave was also held in Alton, with Alpha Chapter as host, on May 21, 1927. By this time the society had been incorporated as a non-profit organization under the Illinois Statutes, and was able to inaugurate a policy of limited expansion as a national society.
Largely through the efforts of Dr. Carleton, petitions were received from groups at the Medical College of Virginia, in Richmond, and from the Northeast Missouri State Teachers College, in Kirksville. Both the petitions received favorable action and charters were granted to Gamma and Delta Chapter.
It was voted at this meeting to hold the national meeting biennially. Accordingly, no conclave was set for the following year, 1928. However, an informal meeting which was designated as the third annual conclave, was held at Shurtleff on May 13, 1928, to elect officers for the following year.
In 1929, the fourth conclave was held at Kirksville, Missouri, with Delta Chapter entertaining the delegates. Three petitions were received at this meeting, and charters were granted to Epsilon Chapter at Otterbein College in Westerville, Ohio; to Zeta Chapter at Central State Teachers College in Stevens Point, Wisconsin; and to Eta Chapter at the Southeast Missouri State Teachers College in Cape Girardeau, Missouri.
The first issue of SIGMA ZETAN was printed under the date of April, 1929, with the note that it had been edited by Professors List and Carleton at Shurtleff. It was a three fold sheet of newsprint, printed to make a 9x6 inch bulletin. Assembled in it were reports of chapter activities and alumni notes, as well as an editorial on the place and function of the society as an honor organization. This was followed by a statement on the progress made during the years following 1925. The Sigma Zetan was recognized as the official publication at the 1930 conclave, and the first Grand Editor was elected at that meeting.
By 1930, after five years of substantial growth, Sigma Zeta had chartered seven chapters. It had survived the perilous formative years, so critical in all such organizations, and had matured on a substantial basis. It was prepared for the problems of its growth in size, standards, and policies. The Gavel was constructed and presented to the society in honor of the first seven chapters.
THE PRE-WAR DECADE
The decade from 1930 to 1940 was a period of expansion; there were seven chapters at the opening of the period and fifteen at the end. At the 1932 conclave, Theta Chapter was established in Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. A charter was also granted to a group at the Indiana State Teachers College at Terra Haute, Indiana. However, this latter chapter (Iota) failed to organize and was never formally installed. Kappa Chapter was chartered in 1935 at Western Illinois State Teachers College in Macomb, Illinois. During the following year, Lambda Chapter was chartered at the State Teachers College in Mansfield, Pennsylvania. In 1937, petitions were approved for Mu Chapter at the State Teachers College in Mankato, Minnesota, and for Nu Chapter at Northern Illinois Sate Teachers College in DeKalb, Illinois. Xi Chapter was chartered at Ball State Teachers College in Muncie, Indiana, in 1938, and during the following year a charter was granted to Omicron Chapter at Wilson Teachers College in Washington D.C.
The fifth conclave of the society was held on the campus of Otterbein College on April 11 and 12, 1930; here for the first time at a national meeting, chapter sponsors met for a discussion of chapter problems. The following year the conclave met at Stevens Point, and again much attention was given to internal affairs of the society by faculty sponsors. The 1932 conclave at Cape Girardeau determined a number of important phases of the society's affairs. An official jeweler was selected, and a coat-of-arms was designed by Dr. Henry W. Olson of Eta Chapter was officially approved. (This deign was never much used, and has been lost.) At this meeting the matter of a rituals for initiation was also discussed, and a committee was appointed to draw up an outline of an induction ceremony that would be in keeping with the needs of the organization.
Another committee at this conclave was charged with the design and wording of a charter for newly installed chapters, and of a certificate of membership for individual initiates. Finally, the decision reached previously to publish the Sigma Zetan semi-annually was realized during this year.
No conclave was held in 1933; in 1934 the society was again the guest of Otterbein College and Epsilon Chapter. It was at this meeting that the national constitution was adopted. After a discussion of the proposed ritual, the committee was asked to reconcile the different views represented and to continue with the development of a ritual.
It was during this period, for the first time that a chapter of Sigma Zeta became inactive. Eta Chapter found that the competition of special departmental clubs and the lack of active and interested faculty sponsors were handicaps which it could not overcome. However, the chapter was not retired until 1948, after efforts to revive the group had been unsuccessful.
The conclave of 1935 marked the tenth anniversary of the society and appropriately was held at Shurtleff and McKendree Colleges, whose chapters were the two oldest in the organization.
The five years immediately preceding World War II were important ones for Sigma Zeta. The expansion, begun in 1932 with the chartering of Theta Chapter, continued through 1935-1940, six chapters were chartered during this period, making it the most successful five year period in the expansion of the organization.
Interest at Elizabethtown College did not continue and the last member of Theta Chapter was initiated in 1939.
The gradual strengthening of the working structure of the society continued to receive attention of both the national officers and of special committees. The policy of appointing representative committees to study problems in the interim between conclaves and to recommend action to the national council was inaugurated during this period. Committees to deal with publicity, with policies of expansion, with alumni relations, and "to formulate a standard procedure of initiation" were active in these years. Progress along some of these lines was disappointingly slow at times, since most of the work was carried on by correspondence among the committee members located at different chapters.
However, by the time of the sixteenth conclave held at Turkey Run State Park at Marshall, Indiana (1942), substantial progress was reported on each item; the society was listed in Baird's Manual and suitable newspaper and journal coverage had been secured; the proceedings of the conclaves were printed in the Sigma Zetan for the information of chapters and their sponsors; satisfactory alumni relations had been arranged and sanctioned; and even the perennial ritual committee had presented a tentative ritual.
Perhaps the most significant development was the decision to open the conclave program to student papers; this feature has proved an attractive one to the student delegates, and quite possible has done as much as any one other activity to encourage and recognize scholarship among the active members of the various chapters.
THE WAR YEARS AND THE POSTWAR PERIOD
Like most college organizations, Sigma Zeta felt keenly the impact of World War II; however, it not only survived, but actually made consistent progress during the war years. The officers chosen at the Turkey Run conclave continued in office and managed the affairs of the society, generally under unusual difficulties, and often in addition to heavy teaching loads during this period.
A most disastrous loss of the society was the death in 1944 of Mr. Thomas Arthur Rogers, who had served one year as national president and ten years as national-recorder-treasurer. He had relinquished the office to Gilbert W. Faust, who was elected in 1942, with the understanding that he would resume the duties of the office if Mr. Faust entered military service. Mr. Roger's death occurred only two weeks before Mr. Faust left for the Navy. In this emergency, Dr. A. S. Lyness, the national editor, agreed to assume the duties of the national-recorder-treasurer as well, and he carried the work of both of these offices until 1942. The services of these men were a large factor in the continued development of the society during the war period. Other members of the national council at this time were W. H. Eller, president; D. E. Miller, vice-president; S. M. McClure, historian; and J. L. Glathart, past-president.
The faculty sponsors, if not called into service or into other war work, frequently found themselves with only the skeleton organization of a chapter and little material available for initiation. Alpha Chapter at Shurtleff was probably the hardest hit of all, since not a single student member or faculty sponsor remained on the campus at the close of the war.
On the other side of the ledger, the society did make some advances. It was during this period that Pi Chapter was established at James Millikin University of Decatur, Illinois, and Rho Chapter was chartered at Indiana Central College in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1943. In 1944 Sigma Chapter was organized at Our Lady of the Lake College in San Antonio, Texas.
The SIGMA ZETAN, under the editorship of Dr. Lyness was issued regularly and did much to keep the chapters and sponsors in touch with each other during the war years.
The 1946 meeting of the American Association for Advancement of Science provided the opportunity for the first post-war national meeting of Sigma Zeta; President Eller convened the seventeenth conclave on March 20, 1946, in St. Louis.
Under the circumstances, the meeting was well attended; twenty-five delegates including nine faculty sponsors represented six of the chapters. President Eller called it a "good meeting" and expressed the belief that "it would open the way for increased activity and interest" among the chapters.
A new slate of national officers was elected to assume office on July 1 of the same year. The chapter reports showed that almost all groups had been reduced to a minimum of active members and that several chapters had been forced into inactivity during the war years. All the chapters which reported expressed the determination to reorganize during the coming school year.
The eighteenth conclave was held on the campus of Otterbein College on April 16, 17, and 18, 1947. It was the fourth occasion on which Epsilon Chapter served as host to the national meeting of the society.
The Founders Cup was presented to the society as a traveling trophy to be awarded annually to the most outstanding chapter during each year. It was presented by the three former Shurtleff professors who founded the organization in 1925; J. Ellis Powell, E. E. List and R. K. Carlton. The conditions of the award were read and adopted. The initial award was made to the host chapter, Epsilon, for "its consistently good relations with the national office; for its excellent record as host to the national conclaves in 1930, 1934, 1941, and 1947; for the unusual support of its faculty members; and for its high degree of student participation both in chapter affairs and in the conclave."
The long deferred report of the ritual committee, including the ceremonies for the initiation of student members, for the induction of faculty sponsors, and for the installation of new chapters was discussed and adopted. The ritual thus became a reality.
The petition of the East Stroudsburg Teachers College in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, was received favorably, and Tau Chapter was chartered.
The 1948 conclave was held at Muncie, Indiana, with Xi Chapter of Ball State Teachers College as host. The return to more nearly normal school conditions was shown by the large attendance and the renewed interest in the work of the society. Two petitions for charters were submitted to the conclave, one from Anderson College in Anderson, Indiana; and the other from Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois. Both petitions were granted and Upsilon and Phi Chapters were chartered. Discussion of the policy of considering petitions from colleges not recognized by a regional accrediting agency took place at this meeting, and resulted in a movement toward a more careful examination of petitioning groups.
The 1949 conclave was held at Stevens Point, Wisconsin, on April 21, 22, and 23. As this meeting was the last one before the anniversary conclave, much of the work of the delegates, aside from routine business, was concerned with plans for the 1950 conclave. To encourage attendance, it was voted to allocate $25.00 to each chapter located at a distance from the meeting place of the 1950 conclave to help defray expenses of a delegation to the anniversary meeting.
The practice, initiated the previous year, of asking for student reports of various phases of conclave activities was again enacted. These reports were published in the SIGMA ZETAN as part of the record of conclaves.
The Founders Cup was awarded to Xi Chapter, and the conclave accepted the invitation of Alpha Chapter to hold the twenty-first national meeting at Shurtleff College in Alton, Illinois.
The silver anniversary meeting was one of the largest in attendance. Alpha Chapter was awarded the Founders Cup in recognition of a quarter-century of leadership in Sigma Zeta. Professor R. K. Carleton, one of the founders, reviewed the growth of the organization over the twenty-five years.
THE FIFTIES AND SIXTIES
It is interesting to note that a report given at the 1951 meeting in Anderson, Indiana predicted decreased college enrollment for a period of some years, and a consequent period of difficulty for such organizations as Sigma Zeta. The predicted "emergency", of course, never came. At this meeting the petition of Chi Chapter at Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri was approved. Chi Chapter did not survive its first year; it was reactivated in 1967.
The 1953 convention at Dekalb, Illinois was the best attended to date, with thirteen of the seventeen active chapters represented. Thirteen chapters were also present in 1954 at Macomb, Illinois. At this meeting the Sigma Zeta Development Fund was established to receive contributions, the interest from which would be used to "foster and promote the growth and development of the society."
In 1956 the convention at Stevens Point, Wisconsin, approved the application for a charter of Psi Chapter at Central Missouri State College in Warrensburg. At this same meeting Sister Mary Clarence of Sigma Chapter completed ten years as National Editor, and was given special recognition for her years of service. Since the organization had been operating at a deficit for some four years, at this meeting constitutional amendments increased the initiation fee to five dollars and the associate fee to one dollar.
Shurtleff College became the Alton Residence Center of Southern Illinois University in 1957, and Alpha Chapter passed out of existence. This chapter had seen thirty-two years of active participation in Sigma Zeta and its departure from the affairs of the Society was regretted by all.
At Macomb, Illinois, in 1958 it became necessary to revoke the charter of Omicron Chapter at Wilson Teachers College, Washington, D.C. The institution had merged with another in 1955 and the chapter was inactive.
Over the years there had arisen some difference in interpretation of membership qualification, and in 1959 at the convention in Decatur, Illinois, constitutional amendments clarified the matter. The status of faculty membership in the organization was also reviewed and differences in practices of the various chapters reconciled. At this same meeting a uniform set of standards to be followed by students presenting papers at the conventions was established.
In 1959, Gilbert W. Faust, who had been National Recorder-Treasurer for seventeen years, relinquished the position. He did not cease his affiliation with Sigma Zeta, however, for he was subsequently elected National President twice and Past National President twice. He was succeeded as Recorder-Treasurer by Duane E. Deal, who held the position until 1966, when Kenneth E. Cook was elected to the office.
At the 1961 meeting in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, The Sigma Zeta Honor Award was established. This award is granted by the National Council to not more than one member of each chapter per year for outstanding scientific achievement and promise, as well as chapter leadership.
Omega Chapter at the State Teachers College, Frostburg, Maryland, and Alpha Alpha Chapter at the State University College, Oswego, New York were both chartered in 1961. Early in 1963 charter ceremonies were held for Alpha Beta Chapter at Campbellsville College, Campbellsville, Kentucky.
In the spring of 1969, four chapters were installed: Alpha Gamma Chapter at Malone College, Canton, Ohio; Alpha Delta chapter at Sacred Heart College, Wichita, Kansas; Alpha Epsilon Chapter at Marion College, Marion, Indiana; and Alpha Zeta Chapter at Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana. That fall, Alpha Eta Chapter was installed at Olivet College, Olivet, Michigan.
At the 1969 convention, approval was voted to establish associate chapters at two-year schools on a trial basis.
THE SEVENTIES
In 1970, installations were Anne Arundel Associate Chapter at Anne Arundel Community College, Arnold, Maryland; Alpha Theta Chapter at Asbury College, Wilmore, Kentucky; Illinois Central Associate Chapter at Illinois Central College, East Peoria, Illinois; Alpha Iota Chapter at Wisconsin State University, LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Alpha Kappa Chapter at Indiana State University, Evansville, Indiana; and Alpha Lambda Chapter at Suffolk University Boston, Massachusetts.
The spring of 1971 included installations of Alpha Mu Chapter at Immaculata College, Immaculata, Pennsylvania; Alpha Nu Chapter at Oglethorpe College, Atlanta, Georgia; and Alpha Xi Chapter at Clinch Valley College of the University of Virginia, Wise, Virginia; while Alpha Omicron Chapter was installed at Baptist College at Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina, in the fall.
Constitution revision voted at the 1971 convention included abolishment of associate membership and inclusion of graduate membership. The active membership requirements were changed so that associate chapters would be able to elect active members.
During 1972, Alpha Pi Chapter was installed at Trevecca Nazarene College, Nashville, Tennessee; Alpha Rho Chapter was installed at Stonehill College, North Easton, Massachusetts; and Alpha Sigma Chapter was installed at Dakota Wesleyan University, Mitchell, South Dakota.
Alpha Tau Chapter was installed at Annhurst College, Woodstock, Connecticut, in the fall of 1973.
Alpha Upsilon Chapter at Union University, Jackson, Tennessee, and Alpha Phi Chapter at Marist College, Poughkeepsie, New York were installed in 1975.
Alpha Chi Chapter at Eastern College, St. Davids, Pennsylvania; Alpha Psi Chapter at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Michigan, and Alpha Omega Chapter at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Saint Mary-of-the Woods, Indiana were installed in 1976.
Beta Alpha Chapter at Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, Vermont, was installed in 1977.
Beta Beta Chapter at George Fox College, Newberg, Oregon, and Beta Gamma Chapter at Columbia College, Columbia, Missouri were both installed in April of 1978.
Beta Epsilon Chapter was installed at Beaver College, Glenside, Pennsylvania, in March of 1979.
THE EIGHTIES AND NINETIES
During the eighties the following chapters were added to the Society. Beta Zeta Chapter was installed at Cabrini College, Radnor, Pennsylvania, in November of 1981.In 1983, Beta Theta Chapter was installed at Belhaven College in Jackson, Mississippi and Beta Iota Chapter was installed at Bethel College in St. Paul Minnesota.Beta Eta Chapter was installed at Evangel College in Springfield, Missouri in 1985.
During the nineties, the following chapters have been added to the Society: Beta Kappa Chapter at Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, Kentucky, in 1991; Beta Lambda Chapter at Messiah College, Grantham, Pennsylvania in 1993; Beta Mu Chapter at Costal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina in 1994.; Beta Delta Chapter at Gwynedd-Mercy College, Gwynedd Valley, Pennsylvania in 1996. Beta Nu was installed at Houghton College, Houghton, New York in 1997.
Beta Xi was installed at Pikeville, College, Pikeville, Kentucky in 1999
Sigma Zeta had reasons to be optimistic while at the same time having cause for concern through the 1980s and 1990s. There was a substantial decline in the number of members from 1977 to 1988. This decline was thought to be due to competition from other organizations on campuses and a significant decline in the number of science majors on most college campuses. Despite this decline in individual memberships, 10 new chapters were added to the national roster and by 1999 there were 50 recognized chapters still in existence. In one unusual occurrence, Alpha Tau chapter became inactive when its host school, Annhurst College closed at the end of the 1979–1980 academic year.
Two of the new chapters, Beta Iota (established in 1983 at Bethel College in St. Paul, Minnesota) and Beta Lambda (established in 1993 at Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania) have been active at the national level since their induction. Both chapters have hosted National Conventions and regularly send students and advisors to the conventions. Nearly every convention has had presenters from these schools since the formation of their chapters.
A number of efforts were made at the national level to increase the level of participation at National Conventions and to encourage chapters to become more active nationally. These included adding a student representative to the list of national officers, allowing the publication of peer-reviewed student papers in the Sigma Zetan, changing duties (and titles) of some national officers, and extensive efforts on the part of national officers to contact inactive chapters and potential sites for new chapters.
At the 1983 Convention, a pilot project was initiated in which a National Student Representative was elected to infuse fresh “plans, ideas, etc.” into the national organization. The first student to hold this position was Rick Merrin of Alpha Gamma (Malone College, Canton, Ohio). He was replaced by Bruce Hoffman of Mu (Mankato State University, Mankato, Minnesota). This position was discontinued in 1985.
Attendees at the 1989 Convention agreed to accept up to three refereed student papers for inclusion in the Sigma Zetan. The first such paper, authored by Stephen D. Ebbs of Beta (McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois), was published in 1990. Despite the value of this opportunity for students, only two other papers were published by 1999.
In 1998 the National Editor position was replaced by the Publicist. The Publicist’s duties were similar to those of the Editor and also included maintenance of the national web site. The National Recorder-Treasurer was replaced by the Executive Director whose responsibilities included day-to-day business matters of the organization and communication with local chapters through various reports. The first Executive Director was Harold Wilkinson (Pi Chapter, Millikin University).
Sigma Zeta lost a number of people during these two decades who had been active at both local and national levels. Kenneth Cook (Upsilon, Anderson University) was honored in 1984 for his work as National Recorder-Treasurer, a position he held from 1966 to 1982. George Welker (Xi, Ball State University) finished his 10-year run as National Editor at the 1985 Convention. He had served Sigma Zeta in various capacities for 35 years and was given a special Honor Award at the 1985 Convention. Two national officers announced their retirement from teaching at the 1993 Convention—Ted Platt (Alpha Psi, Hillsdale College) had served 10 years as National Editor and David Dautenhahn (Chi, Missouri Valley College) had been a dedicated Historian for many years.
A number of historically interesting things occurred at the national level during the 1980s and 1990s. In 1979 the national dues were $6 and by 1999 they had risen to $25. At the 1981 Convention, President Joe Sheldon (then at Eastern College and later at Messiah College where he started Beta Lambda Chapter) gave a slide presentation on the eruption of Mount St. Helen’s. One of the student papers presented at the 1985 Convention was by Glenn McQuaide of Alpha Beta (Campbellsville University). He later became a faculty member at Campbellsville and served as a national officer in Sigma Zeta for a number of years. The historic gavel was lost sometime between the 1985 and 1986 conventions and was not found until just prior to the 1992 meeting. The 1989 edition of the Sigma Zetan was the first to be generated entirely by computer. Medallions were available for purchase for the first time at the 1994 Convention. At both the 1983 and 1993 conventions, attendance was impacted by blizzards. A national web site was seriously considered for the first time at the 1997 Convention.
It is obvious that the 1980s and 1990s were decades of change for Sigma Zeta on a national level. Membership was a concern, though efforts by a number of officers kept the organization healthy and led to the induction of new chapters and active faculty in many locations. The advent of personal computing and the Internet began to have an impact on interactions between the national office and local chapters beginning in the late 1980s and had become crucial to a number of activities by the end of the 1990s. And though many long-time advocates and servants of Sigma Zeta retired and were no longer active in the organization, a number of new faculty began to fill their shoes and to lead Sigma Zeta into the new millennium.
With a new century three chapters have joined the Society: Beta Omicron was installed at Madonna University, Livonia, Michigan in 2001. Beta Pi installed at University of Arkansas/Monticello, Monticello, Arkansas in 2004, and the Beta Rho chapter at Castleton State College, Castleton, VT in 2005
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